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Integumentary System |2010|
Integumentary System Subsets
Skin
Epidermis Skin Anatomy
Hair Anatomy
Nail Apparatus
More Integumentary System
See Also ↔
 
 
“Integumentary Organ System”  

Integumentary System

  In and on our body's structural body organ system, the subsystem Integumentary Body Organ System, is the most visible organ system, formed by the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands, wraps the entire exterior of the body proper.

Skin

  On and in our body, the Skin, strategically located at the interface between the interior and exterior, providing the first line of defense against external insults, is the largest organ in the body: 12-15% of body weight, with a surface area of 1-2 meters. Skin is continuous with, but structurally distinct from mucous membranes that line the mouth, anus, urethra, and vagina. Two distinct layers occur in the skin: the dermis and epidermis. *
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“Skin”  
942 - 200   In and on our body's integumentary system, the Skin, the outer covering of the body situated at the interface between the body and the outside environment, is the largest organ composed of a multilayered ectodermal, non-vascularized, stratified squamous epidermal tissue (epidermis) overlying the thick fibrous connective dermal tissue (dermis), which then sits on the hypodermis (subcutaneous tissues) providing a shielding layer for internal organs.

Two Types of Skin

  In and on our body's Skin, there are two types mostly thin and covered with hair follicles, although often appearing hairless and some of our skin is the thick and hairless glabrous skin type.

Skin Functions

In and on our body's integumentary system, the skin functions in thermoregulation, protection, metabolic functions, in sensation and as a guard for the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs.
  Skin from outer to inner: **
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“Nails (Fingernails, Toenails)”  

Nail

  In and on our body's hands and feet, Nails (Fingernails, Toenails) are an appendage of our skin, where each nail is a horn-like envelope covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes made of the tough protein keratin.

Nail Apparatus

  On our body, each Nail Apparatus is an organ consisting of a nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it, also the nail root, cuticle (eponychium), perionychium, and hyponychium.

Periungual

  Surrounding the Nail Apparatus are the periungual accessory structures, including the cuticle (eponychium), perionychium, and hyponychium. **
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“Skin Cells”  

Skin & Stem Cells

  In and on our body's integumentary system, there are three different types of cells that make up the skin: hair follicles, Sebaceous Glands and the intervening tissue, called interfollicular epidermis.

Each of these three skin cell types are capable of producing its own unique cell type and therefore considered stem cells.

The Lgr6 Gene

  Lgr6 gene resides in a cluster in the hair follicle and is the original epidermal stem cells. These cells marked by the Lgr6 gene are the original (progenitor cell) of all three skin cells. An Lgr6 gene can repair skin and produce new hair.
  These earliest cells produce Sebaceous Glands and interfollicular epidermis our whole life. These cells contribution to hair growth, gradually diminished over time. **
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“Epidermis (Epidermal)”  

Epidermis

  In and on our body's skin, the Epidermis (Epidermal Layer) is the outermost nonvascular layer (nourished via diffusion) that provides a barrier to the external environment, consisting of several layers of the epithelial cells keratinocytes.


  In our body, the Epidermis (Epidermal Layer) contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells, and is responsible for waterproofing, temperature regulation, and serving as a barrier to infection.
  In and on our body's skin, the basic cell type of the Epidermis (Epidermal Layer) is the keratinocyte, which contains the fibrous protein keratin. The inner layer of the Epidermis (Epidermal Layer) contains basal cells and Melanocyte. **

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“Dermis (Dermal)”  

Dermis

  In our body's skin, the Dermis (Dermal Layer) is a vascularized connective tissue layer under the epidermis containing innervated papillae, elastic and collagen fibers, capillary networks, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings, also embedded in or beneath the Dermis can be sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands.
  In our body, the Dermal Layer (Dermis) is one of our two layers of our skin with the hypodermis (subcutis) lying directly underneath connecting the underlying muscles and bones. **
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“Keratinocytes”  

Keratinocyte

  In our body, Keratinocyte, is a prominent cell type found in the epidermis, the fingernails, and the toenails, and the basic cell type of the Epidermis, which contain the fibrous protein Keratin.
  In our body, the Keratinocytes are the epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.

In our body, Keratinocytes store endogenous melanins in the keratinocytes' nuclei.
  The successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are:
  • basal cell,
  • pinous or prickle cell, and the
  • granular cell.
Also: **
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“Keratins (Cytokeratins)”  

Keratin

  In our body, the Keratins (Cytokeratins), a major structural protein of all epithelia, a class fibrous proteins (scleroproteins), produced by basal cells in the inner most layer of the epidermis representing the principal constituent of the epidermal layer, hair, nails and the organic matrix of tooth enamel.
  In our body, the Keratins (Cytokeratins), as a diverse group of cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins, that are intermediate filament-forming proteins that provide mecnical support to keratinocytes and fulfill a variety of additional functions in epithelial cells and epithelial tissues (epithelium).
  Examples of keratins include: **
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“Integumentary System Functions”  
  The integumentary organ system has multiple roles in homeostasis, including protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception, biochemical synthesis, and absorption. **
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“Dermis (Dermal)”  

Dermis

  In our body's skin, the Dermis (Dermal Layer) is a vascularized connective tissue layer under the epidermis containing innervated papillae, elastic and collagen fibers, capillary networks, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings, also embedded in or beneath the Dermis can be sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands.
  In our body, the Dermal Layer (Dermis) is one of our two layers of our skin with the hypodermis (subcutis) lying directly underneath connecting the underlying muscles and bones. **
[2864]
“Epidermis (Epidermal)”  

Epidermis

  In and on our body's skin, the Epidermis (Epidermal Layer) is the outermost nonvascular layer (nourished via diffusion) that provides a barrier to the external environment, consisting of several layers of the epithelial cells keratinocytes.


  In our body, the Epidermis (Epidermal Layer) contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells, and is responsible for waterproofing, temperature regulation, and serving as a barrier to infection.
  In and on our body's skin, the basic cell type of the Epidermis (Epidermal Layer) is the keratinocyte, which contains the fibrous protein keratin. The inner layer of the Epidermis (Epidermal Layer) contains basal cells and Melanocyte. **

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“Basal Cells”  
  In our body, Basal Cells are the cells of the stratum basale (innermost layer of the epidermis).
  Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin are located in the inner layer of the epidermis.
  The basal cells of the stratum basale include:
  • basal keratinocyte cells
  • melanocytes (pigment-producing cells)
  • Langerhans cells (immune cells)
  • Merkel cells (touch receptor cells)
**
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“Keratinocytes”  

Keratinocyte

  In our body, Keratinocyte, is a prominent cell type found in the epidermis, the fingernails, and the toenails, and the basic cell type of the Epidermis, which contain the fibrous protein Keratin.
  In our body, the Keratinocytes are the epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.

In our body, Keratinocytes store endogenous melanins in the keratinocytes' nuclei.
  The successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are:
  • basal cell,
  • pinous or prickle cell, and the
  • granular cell.
Also: **
[3840]
“Arrector Pili Muscles”  

Arrector Pili

  In our body, the Arrector Pili is a small band of smooth muscle running from a hair follicle to the dermis (dermal layer), connecting the hair follicle to the connective tissue of the basement membrane.
  Contraction of the Arrector Pili Muscle causes the hair to rise perpendicular to the skin surface, forming "goose pimples." **
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References & Citations:
1. Chamcheu JC. et al "Keratin gene mutations in disorders of human skin and its appendages"   Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011 Apr 15;508(2):123-37  
2. Chamcheu JC. et al "Keratin gene mutations in disorders of human skin and its appendages"   Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011 Apr 15;508(2):123-37  
3. Afaq F. et al "Polyphenols: skin photoprotection and inhibition of photocarcinogenesis"   Mini Rev Med Chem. 2011 Dec;11(14):1200-15  
4. Makpol S. et al "Comparative effects of biodynes, tocotrienol-rich fraction, and tocopherol in enhancing collagen synthesis and inhibiting collagen degradation in stress-induced premature senescence model of human diploid fibroblasts"   Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:298574  
5. Abhishek S. et al "Epidermal Differentiation Complex: A Review on Its Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Drug Targets"   Cell J. 2016 Spring;18(1):1-6  
6. Marshall D. "Differentially expressed late constituents of the epidermal cornified envelope"   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 Nov;98(23)13031-13036  
7. Abhishek S. et al "Epidermal Differentiation Complex: A Review on Its Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Drug Targets"   Cell J. 2016 Spring;18(1):1-6  
8. Marshall D. "Differentially expressed late constituents of the epidermal cornified envelope"   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 Nov;98(23)13031-13036  
9. Abhishek S. et al "Epidermal Differentiation Complex: A Review on Its Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Drug Targets"   Cell J. 2016 Spring;18(1):1-6  
10. Brenner M. et al "The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin"   Photochem Photobiol. 2008 May-Jun;84(3):539-49  
11. Ishida-Yamamoto A. et al "Involvement of corneodesmosome degradation and lamellar granule transportation in the desquamation process"   Med Mol Morphol. 2011 Mar;44(1):1-6  
12. Brenner M. et al "The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin"   Photochem Photobiol. 2008 May-Jun;84(3):539-49  
13. Ishida-Yamamoto A. et al "Involvement of corneodesmosome degradation and lamellar granule transportation in the desquamation process"   Med Mol Morphol. 2011 Mar;44(1):1-6  
14. Wang QC. et al "Fingertip injuries"    
15. Zook EG. et al "Anatomy and physiology of the perionychium"   Hand Clin. 2002 Nov;18(4):553-9, v  
16. Oppel T1. et al "Onychodystrophy and its management"   Ger Med Sci. 2003 Jul 1;1:Doc02  
17. Torkamani N. et al "Beyond goosebumps: does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss?"   Int J Trichology. 2014 Jul;6(3):88-94  
18. Abhishek S. et al "Epidermal Differentiation Complex: A Review on Its Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Drug Targets"   Cell J. 2016 Spring;18(1):1-6  
19. Schweizer J. et al "New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins"   J Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 17;174(2):169-74  
20. Chamcheu JC. et al "Keratin gene mutations in disorders of human skin and its appendages"   Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011 Apr 15;508(2):123-37  
21. Gong H. et al "An updated nomenclature for keratin-associated proteins (KAPs)"   Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2012 ;8(2)258-264  
 
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