“Endocrine Organ System (Glandular Organ System)”  [Endocrine] 

Endocrine System

  In our body, the Endocrine Organ System (Glandular Organ System) is the system of endocrine glands that release the endocrine hormones directly into the circulatory system.

In our body, the Endocrine Organ System is a communication network that regulates basic drives and emotions, promotes growth and sexual identity, controls body temperature, assists in the repair of broken tissue, and helps generate energy.

Primary and Secondary Glands & Organs of the Endocrine System

  In our body, the Primary and Secondary Organs of the Endocrine Organ System are:
Primary Glands & Organs: 1. Pineal gland, 2. Pituitary Gland, thyroid gland & Parathyroid Gland, 4. Pancreas, 5.Adrenal Glands, 6. Testicles (Testes), and 7. Ovaries.

Secondary Glands & Organs: In our body, the thymus gland, kidneys, Liver, Heart, Gonads and others have secondary endocrine functions and are not considered to be an Endocrine Gland. *

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“Neurosecretory Systems (Neuro-Endocrine System)”  

NeuroEndocrine System (Neurosecretory Systems)

  In our body, the Neuro-Endocrine System (Neurosecretory Systems) is the body system involved in the communication between the nervous system and endocrine system (glandular system) including; the neurons that stimulate, produce and secrete these peptide hormones in tissues, glands and organs involved in the feedback loops.

Neurosecretory Systems (Neuro-Endocrine System)

  In our body, the primary function of the Neuro-Endocrine System (NES) is to govern homeostasis by regulating hormone secretion from the pituitary.

In our body, the Neuro-Endocrine neurons are located within the preoptic area, the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
  Examples of some members in the neurosecretory system include:

• circumventricular organs
  • area postrema
  • median eminence
  • posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
  • subcommissural organ
  • subfornical organ
• Glomus Tympanicum
• hypothalamo-hypophyseal system
  • median eminence
  • pituitary gland
    • anterior pituitary gland
    • intermediate pituitary gland (pituitary pars intermedia)
    • posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
• pineal gland

**

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“Thyroid Gland”  

Thyroid

  In our body's neck, the Thyroid Gland, located inferior to (below) the thyroid cartilage (adam's apple) and at approximately the same level as the cricoid cartilage, is a small (weighing less than one ounce), butterfly-shaped endocrine gland consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus, situated at the front and sides of the neck, anterior to the trachea, just inferior to the larynx, and behind the sternohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles.

Thyroid Hormones

  In our body's neck, the Thyroid Gland is a highly vascular organ, deriving its blood from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and produces hormones that stimulate body heat production, bone growth, and the body's metabolism **

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“Parathyroid Glands (Parathyroids)”  

Parathyroids (Parathyroid Glands)

  In our body's neck, the Parathyroid Glands (Parathyroids), are two pairs (four) of small endocrine glands (ductless glands), usually located behind the thyroid gland, but in rare cases, within the thyroid gland or in the chest.

In our body's neck, the Parathyroid Glands are four small masses of epithelial tissue embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid glands. The Parathyroid Glands secrete the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH, parathormone).

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  In our body's neck, the Parathyroid Glands secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone).

In our body, the Parathyroid Hormone is the most important regulator of blood calcium (Ca) levels. The hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels, and its effect is to increase those levels. **

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“Endocrine Glands (Ductless Glands)”  

Ductless Glands

  In our body, the Endocrine Glands (Ductless Glands) are the ductless glands that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood of blood circulation (NOT through a duct), composed of a mass of cells, and cells are composed of a thick, colorless, jellylike substance called protoplasm.
  Every gland might be likened to a chemical factory in which all cells are workers, and the product of the factory is its secretions.

In our body, the ductless glands have no openings, tubes, or ducts carrying their secretions away, but empty them directly into the blood and the lymphatics which permeate them. The ductless glands are often spoken of as the endocrine glands or the hormone producing glands. Endocrine is really a most convenient term as it stands for both the secretion and the gland, but the word hormone is applied specifically to the internal secretion and not to the gland. The hormone is a substance formed in one organ of the body and carried through the circulation of the blood to another organ on which it exerts a stimulating effect. The word is derived from a Greek verb meaning to arouse or set in motion. Without the endocrine substance suited to them no muscle nor cell would act. Without a supply of the endocrine phosphorus furnished by the thyroid gland no brain could function. The beat of the heart would not continue for a moment were it not supplied with adrenal secretion; and cases are on record of hearts that were pronounced "dead," but after being supplied with adrenal secretion beat again with regular rhythm.

The principal ductless glands are the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, spleen, the two adrenals, and the islets of langerhans (endocrine pancreas). **

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“Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)”  

Pineal Gland

  In our body's, brain, the Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri), aka the Pineal Body, part of the limbic system, is a light-sensitive neuroendocrine small cone-shaped structure that attaches to the roof of the third ventricle extends posteriorly that secretes melatonin (n-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), other biogenic amines, and neuropeptides.
  In our body, the Pineal Gland (Pineal Body), is in the neurosecretory systems and consists of portions of neurons, neuroglial cells, and specialized secretory cells called pinealocytes. The pinealocytes synthesize the hormone melatonin (n-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and secretes it directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, which takes it into the blood. Melatonin affects reproductive development and daily physiologic cycles. **

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“Adrenal Glands (Suprarenal Glands)”  

Adrenal Glands

  In our body, the Adrenal Glands (Suprarenal Glands) are triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of each kidney in the abdominal cavity.

In our body, each Adrenal Gland measures one half inch in height and approximately three inches in length, located in the retroperitoneum, at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra, where it is surrounded by an adipose capsule and renal fascia.

Adrenal Cortex & Adrenal Medulla

  In our body, each Adrenal Gland has two distinct structures, the Adrenal Cortex which produces Steroids and the Adrenal Medulla which produces Neurotransmitters (Neurotransmitter Agents). **

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“Endocrine System (Glandular System)”  

Endocrine System

  Endocrine System is a collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate your body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and transported to tissues and organs throughout your body. The Table below the illustration describes the function of these glands.

Adrenal glands
Divided into 2 regions; secrete hormones that influence the body's metabolism, blood chemicals, and body characteristics, as well as influence the part of the nervous system that is involved in the response and defense against stress.

Hypothalamus

Activates and controls the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions, the hormonal system, and many body functions, such as regulating sleep and stimulating appetite.

Ovaries and testicles	Secrete hormones that influence female and male characteristics, respectively.
Pancreas	Secretes a hormone (insulin) that controls the use of glucose by the body.
Parathyroid glands	Secrete a hormone that maintains the calcium level in the blood.
Pineal body	Involved with daily biological cycles.
Pituitary gland	Produces a number of different hormones that influence various other endocrine glands.
Thymus gland	Plays a role in the body's immune system.
Thyroid gland	Produces hormones that stimulate body heat production, bone growth, and the body's metabolism.

**

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“Endocrine Glands (Ductless Glands)”  

Ductless Glands

  In our body, the Endocrine Glands (Ductless Glands) are the ductless glands that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood of blood circulation (NOT through a duct), composed of a mass of cells, and cells are composed of a thick, colorless, jellylike substance called protoplasm.
  Every gland might be likened to a chemical factory in which all cells are workers, and the product of the factory is its secretions.

In our body, the ductless glands have no openings, tubes, or ducts carrying their secretions away, but empty them directly into the blood and the lymphatics which permeate them. The ductless glands are often spoken of as the endocrine glands or the hormone producing glands. Endocrine is really a most convenient term as it stands for both the secretion and the gland, but the word hormone is applied specifically to the internal secretion and not to the gland. The hormone is a substance formed in one organ of the body and carried through the circulation of the blood to another organ on which it exerts a stimulating effect. The word is derived from a Greek verb meaning to arouse or set in motion. Without the endocrine substance suited to them no muscle nor cell would act. Without a supply of the endocrine phosphorus furnished by the thyroid gland no brain could function. The beat of the heart would not continue for a moment were it not supplied with adrenal secretion; and cases are on record of hearts that were pronounced "dead," but after being supplied with adrenal secretion beat again with regular rhythm.

The principal ductless glands are the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, spleen, the two adrenals, and the islets of langerhans (endocrine pancreas). **

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“Endocrine Organ System (Glandular Organ System)”  [Endocrine] 

Endocrine System

  In our body, the Endocrine Organ System (Glandular Organ System) is the system of endocrine glands that release the endocrine hormones directly into the circulatory system.

In our body, the Endocrine Organ System is a communication network that regulates basic drives and emotions, promotes growth and sexual identity, controls body temperature, assists in the repair of broken tissue, and helps generate energy.

Primary and Secondary Glands & Organs of the Endocrine System

  In our body, the Primary and Secondary Organs of the Endocrine Organ System are:
Primary Glands & Organs: 1. Pineal gland, 2. Pituitary Gland, thyroid gland & Parathyroid Gland, 4. Pancreas, 5.Adrenal Glands, 6. Testicles (Testes), and 7. Ovaries.

Secondary Glands & Organs: In our body, the thymus gland, kidneys, Liver, Heart, Gonads and others have secondary endocrine functions and are not considered to be an Endocrine Gland. **

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