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^⌊ Pungent Taste Perception

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Sense of Taste
Taste Buds

Tastes

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Senses of Taste Perceptions

“Senses of Taste and Taste Perceptions”

Senses of Taste and Taste Perceptions *

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“Sense of Taste”

In our body's brain, the sensory function, Sense of Taste, a nervous system process, is our ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors of the gustatory system (taste sensory system), in which the nature and meaning of external stimuli gets interpreted, recognized, and mediated by taste receptor proteins mostly located in the oral cavity.

Taste Perception
In our body's brain, the Sense of Taste relies on taste perceptions to interpret the detailed nature and meaning of the external stimuli.
There are five basic taste qualities (modalities):

sour
salty
sweet
bitter
umami
Each qualities/ modalities serve a specific function in the body by identifying components found in our diet; sweet taste, bitter, and umami taste qualities are transduced by g-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). *

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Senses of Taste and Taste Perceptions

“Bitter Taste”
In our body, Bitter taste generally causes aversion, which protects us from ingesting toxic substances, and contribute to the palatability of food and beverages, thereby influencing nutritional habits.
In our body's cells, the molecular events in the perception of bitter taste are believed to start with the binding of specific water-soluble molecules to G-protein-coupled receptors encoded by the TAS2R/T2R family of taste receptor genes.

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“Salty Taste”

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“Sweet Taste”
In our body's oral cavity of the gustatory system (sense of taste), Sweet Taste is the detection of sweet molecules as achieved mostly by the sweet taste receptor present on the tips of taste cells located in the taste buds (fungiform papillae).

Sweet Taste Receptors
In our body, sweet taste receptors are expressed in cells of extragustatory organs, including neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract, glucose-responsive neurons in the hypothalamus, adipocytes, epithelial cells of the urinary bladder, chemosensory cells in the airway, in pancreatic β-cells and in an insulin-secreting cell line, MIN6.

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“Umami Taste”
In our diet, Umami Taste, a Japanese term for good taste, roughly translates as savory, is used for the taste of certain amino acids (especially glutamate) and nucleotides.

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“Sour Taste”
Sour Taste

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References:
Kojima I. et al "Sweet Taste-Sensing Receptors Expressed in Pancreatic β-Cells: Sweet Molecules Act as Biased Agonists" Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2014 Mar;29(1):12-9
Tomchik SM. et al "Breadth of tuning and taste coding in mammalian taste buds" J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 3;27(40):10840-8
Wiener A. et al "BitterDB: a database of bitter compounds" Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Jan;40(Database issue):D413-9
Chandrashekar J. et al "The receptors and cells for mammalian taste" Nature. 2006 Nov 16;444(7117):288-94
Matsunami H. et al "A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse" Nature. 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):601-4
Conte C. et al "Identification and characterization of human taste receptor genes belonging to the TAS2R family" Cytogenet Genome Res. 2002;98(1):45-53
Bufe B. et al "The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta-glucopyranosides" Nat Genet. 2002 Nov;32(3):397-401
Adler E. et al "A novel family of mammalian taste receptors" Cell. 2000 Mar 17;100(6):693-702
Conte C. et al "Identification and characterization of human taste receptor genes belonging to the TAS2R family" Cytogenet Genome Res. 2002;98(1):45-53
Kojima I. et al "Sweet Taste-Sensing Receptors Expressed in Pancreatic β-Cells: Sweet Molecules Act as Biased Agonists" Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2014 Mar;29(1):12-9

�The statements on this Web site have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). And are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. The information presented is not intended to replace medical advice or treatment from your own doctor or healthcare provider. Nothing presented here is intended as a substitute for prescription medication or any other medical treatment prescribed by your doctor.

Senses of Taste Perceptions

Taste Perception

Sweet Taste Receptors

References: