“Biopolymers (biopolymeric substances)”  

Biopolymers

  In or from living organisms, Biopolymers are polymers synthesized by living organisms that play a role in the formation of biomacromolecules structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules
  In or from living organisms, Biopolymers have three main classes: polynucleotides (nucleic acids), polypeptides, and polysaccharides, which may be synthesized by the enzyme-mediated process polymerases.
  Examples of biopolymeric substances include:

Chitin + Collagen + Elastin Glucans + Intermediate Filament Proteins + Latex

lignins Microfilament Proteins + Microtubule Proteins + Pectins Plant Gums + Plant Mucilage

Polyhydroxyalkanoates Plant Resins + reticulin (reticular fibers) Silk + tannin

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“Glucans”  

Glucan

  In organic chemistry, a Glucan is a homopolysaccharide, composed of repeating glucose units, consisting of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
  In carbohydrate science, a Glucan molecule is a polysaccharide of D-glucose monomers linked by glycosidic bonds.
  Examples of glucans as polysaccharide include:

glucan derivatives succinoglucans osmoregulated periplasmic glucans alpha-D-glucans beta-D-glucans amyloses dextrins glycogens lentinans lichenins (moss starches) nigerans starch (amylum) xyloglucan

alpha-Glucans dextrans + Glycogen + Pullulan starches + beta-glucans (β-glucans) cellulose (β-1,4-glucan) + Curdlan (β-1,3-glucan) Laminarin (β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucan) Chrysolaminarin (β-1,3-glucan) Lentinan (a purified β-1,6:β-1,3-glucan from Lentinus edodes) Lichenin (β-1,3- and β-1,4-glucan) Pleuran (β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucan isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus) Zymosan (β-1,3-glucan)

maltose isomaltose Trehalose

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“Glycogens”  

Glycogen

  In carbohydrate science, Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide composed of large, highly branched chains of complex carbohydrate molecule composed entirely of glucose molecules linked to one another is a regular way. Glycogen can be either an α-1,4-glucan or α-1,6-glucan.
  In our body, Glycogen as a compact storage molecule functions as the secondary long-term energy storage in our cells. Glycogen can be quickly broken down when glucose is required. Glycogen is stored in liver and muscles.
  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of glycogen include:

• glycogen cycling
• glycogen synthesis
• glycogen breakdown

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“Starches”  

Starch

  In carbohydrate science, Starches are a group of storage polysaccharides composed of a long-chain polymers of glucose in which glucopyranose units are bonded by alpha-linkages.
  Starches is made up of a mixture of Amylose (15-20%) and Amylopectin (80-85%) of the general formula (C₆-H₁₀-O₅) in the form of amylose and amylopectin.

Starches are insoluble in water. They can be digested by hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzymes called amylases, which can break the alpha-linkages (glycosidic bonds).

In plants, Starches are the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates).
  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and other related entities of starches include:

amylopectins Amylose Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives Inulin

Dextrins Cyclodextrins alpha-Cyclodextrins beta-Cyclodextrins gamma-Cyclodextrins

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“Dextrans”  

  In carbohydrate science, Dextrans are a group of glucose polymers (glucans) made by certain bacteria.
  Examples of dextrans include:

• DEAE-Dextran
• Dextran Sulfate
• Iron-Dextran Complex

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“Cellulose”  

  As a glucan, Cellulose, a source of insoluble fiber, as a polysaccharide, is either composed of unbranched chains or as cellobiose linked units of glucose.
  Cellulose is a major structural carbohydrate of plants, insoluble in water, and in our body is virtually undigestible in the intestines.
  Examples of cellulose (β-1,4-glucan) include:

• cellobiose
• Hypromellose Derivatives
• Methylcellulose
  • Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
• Oxidized Cellulose
• DEAE-Cellulose

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“Pectins (Pectic Polysaccharides)”  

Pectins

  In phytochemistry, Pectins (Pectic Polysaccharides) are a structural (polysaccharides (heteropolysaccharides), rich in D-galacturonic acid, contained primarily in the cell walls and middle lamella of higher phyto-terrestrial plants. Pectin is a methylesterified form of polygalacturonic acid.
  Into our body, Pectins (Pectic Polysaccharides) may act as a prebiotic to certain bacteria strains, such as, Eubacterium eligens, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and some Bacteroidetes phylum members. **

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“Elastins”  

Elastin

  In our body, the fibrous scleroprotein Elastin is a component of elastic tissue (elastic fiber). **

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“Reticulin (Reticular Fibers)”  

Reticulin

  In our body, Reticulin (reticular fibers) is a biopolymeric substance consisting of extremely thin scleroprotein fibrils, mostly of type III collagen, involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs. **

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“Lignins”  

Lignin

  Lignin is a polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. A lignin has extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.
  In phytochemistry, lignins are the most abundant natural aromatic organic biopolymers found in all vascular plants, that together along with with cellulose and hemicellulose make up the major cell wall components of the fibers found in all wood and grass plant species.
  Examples of lignins include:

• p-hydroxyphenyl lignin (H-lignin)
• guaiacyl lignin (G-lignin)
• syringal lignin (S-lignin)

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“Plant Resins”  

  In phytochemistry, Plant Resins are flammable, amorphous, vegetable products of secretion or disintegration, usually formed in special cavities of plants, usually soft and sticky, but hardens after exposure to cold.
  In phytochemistry, Plant Resins include amber resins, balsam resins, frankincense resins, guaiac resins, propolis (bee propolis), turpentines and more.
  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and other related entities of plant resins and resinous plant substances include:

oleoresins Amber Balsams Frankincense

Guaiac Propolis Resins Turpentine

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“Collagens”  

Collagen

  In our body, Collagen is the most abundant protein, a naturally occurring major fibrous protein found in bone, cartilage, connective tissues and found in every organ. Collagen is a structural protein, forming molecular cables that strengthen the tendons and vast, resilient sheets that support the skin and internal organs.

Collagen is a support structure in the tissues around which cells live and function. Bones and teeth are formed by adding mineral crystals to collagen.

Collagen is part of the natural make-up of tendons, ligaments, joints, muscles, hair, skin, etc. Collagen helps regenerate soft tissue and cartilage. Fibers of collagen are woven together like threads in fabric to form a framework into which new cells can grow. When the body needs to build any new cellular structure, as in the healing process, collagen and collagen fragments play a central role.
  In protein science, Collagen, a polypeptide substance, with a unique configuration of a triple helical structure, in which every third amino acid is a glycine residue, with the repeating amino acid sequences, (Gly-X-Y)n, where X and Y are typically proline and hydroxyproline (Hyp) respectively.

In our body, collagen makes up about 33% of all the protein in our body, as the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth, with small amounts found in the more active tissues, such as brain, liver and muscle.
  Examples of collagen include:

• Fibrillar Collagens
  • Collagen Type I
  • Collagen Type II
  • Collagen Type III
  • Collagen Type V
  • Collagen Type XI
• Non-Fibrillar Collagens
  • Collagen Type IV
  • Collagen Type VI
  • Collagen Type VII
  • Collagen Type VIII
  • Collagen Type X
  • Collagen Type XIII
  • Collagen Type XVIII
    • Endostatins
  • Fibril-Associated Collagens
    • Collagen Type IX
    • Collagen Type XII
• Procollagen
• Tropocollagen

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“Gelatins”  

Gelatin

  Gelatin is a mixture of peptides and proteins, formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen of animals, that may be produced by the partial hydrolysis of collagen.

Gelatin (Gelatine)

  In protein science, Gelatin is a denatured form of collagen (a scleroprotein), derived from skin, white connective tissue, or bone.

Dietary Gelatin

In our diet, Gelatin, with a role food gelling agent, is a flavorless, translucent, colorless food ingredient, (usually made from a cooked collagen) with an amino acids composition of about: 35% glycine, 11% alanine, and 21% proline and hydroxyproline.
  In our body, examples of gelatinous membranes and semigelatinous substance include:

• otolithic membrane
• tectorial membrane
• vitreous humor

• substantia gelatinosa
• inner gelatinous nucleus pulposus (of the intervertebral disc)

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“Microtubule Proteins”  

Microtubule Protein

  In our body'S CELLS, Microtubule Proteins are cytoskeletal proteins found in the microtubules, adapted for specific functions by post-translational modifications of tubulin subunits.
  Examples of microtubule proteins include:

• Dyneins (dynein ATPase)
• microtubule-associated proteins
• tubulin

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“Tubulins (TUB)”  

Tubulin

  In our body's cells, Tubulin is a microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in our brain (nerve tissue proteins) and in smaller amounts in other areas of the body.
  In our body's cells, Tubulin as a cellular protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S.
  The tubulin gene group include five distinct families:

• alpha-tubulins
• beta-tubulins
• gamma-tubulins
• delta-tubulins
• epsilon-tubulins

Also the protozoan tubulin:

• zeta-Tubulins

The genes include:

• TUBA1A gene aka tubulin alpha 1a
• TUBA1B gene aka tubulin alpha 1b
• TUBA1C gene aka tubulin alpha 1c
• TUBA3C gene aka tubulin alpha 3c
• TUBA3D gene aka tubulin alpha 3d
• TUBA3E gene aka tubulin alpha 3e
• TUBA4A gene aka tubulin alpha 4a
• TUBA4B gene (FLJ13940 gene) aka tubulin alpha 4b
• TUBA8 gene aka tubulin alpha 8
• TUBAL3 gene aka tubulin alpha like 3
• TUBB gene aka tubulin beta class I
• TUBB1 gene aka tubulin beta 1 class VI
• TUBB2A gene aka tubulin beta 2A class IIa
• TUBB2B gene aka tubulin beta 2B class IIb
• TUBB3 gene aka tubulin beta 3 class III
• TUBB4A gene aka tubulin beta 4A class IVa
• TUBB4B gene aka tubulin beta 4B class IVb
• TUBB6 gene aka tubulin beta 6 class V
• TUBB8 gene aka tubulin beta 8 class VIII
• TUBB8B gene aka tubulin beta 8B
• TUBD1 gene aka tubulin delta 1
• TUBE1 gene aka tubulin epsilon 1
• TUBG1 gene aka tubulin gamma 1
• TUBG2 gene aka tubulin gamma 2

tubulin pseudogenes:

• TUBA3FP gene aka tubulin alpha 3f pseudogene
• TUBA3GP gene aka tubulin alpha 3g pseudogene
• TUBB7P gene aka tubulin beta 7 pseudogene

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“Polypeptides”  

Polypeptide

  In protein science, Polypeptides, as biopolymeric substances, are peptides composed of a single linear chain of approximately 13 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures.
  In organic chemistry, polypeptide is a macromolecule, considered a class of organic compounds, in the organic polymers superclass containing 10 to 13 or more amino acid residues.
  Examples of polypeptides include:

beta-endorphin abarelix afamelanotide albiglutide amoxicilloyl polylysine amyloid-beta Arthrofactin astressin astressin 2B bacitracin A benzylpenicilloyl polylysine bivalirudin calcitonin carperitide cathelicidin

corticorelin corticotropin corticotropin-releasing hormone cosyntropin cyanophycin macromolecule defensin degarelix desirudin elcatonin enfuvirtide exendin-3 exendin-4 ganirelix gastrin ghrelin Gonadorelin hydrochloride

insulin kisspeptin-54 koshikamide A2 lantibiotic lepirudin liraglutide lixisenatide mastoparans melittin Mirabamide C Mirabamide G Mirabamide H nesiritide Neurokinin A Neurokinin B

nociceptin P-factor penicilloyl polylysine peptide YY pramlintide protein polypeptide chain secretin human semaglutide sermorelin teduglutide teriparatide terlipressin tesamorelin thymalfasin

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“Polynucleotides (Nucleic Acid)”  

Nucleic Acids (Polynucleotides)

  In our body's cells, Polynucleotides (Nucleic Acids) are biopolymeric substances of deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) and ribonucleic acid (rna), composed of nucleotides.
  In our body's cells, Polynucleotides are high molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.
  Examples of polynucleotides include:

• oligonucleotides
• polydeoxyribonucleotides
• polyribonucleotides

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“Keratins (Cytokeratins)”  

Keratin

  In our body, the Keratins (Cytokeratins), a major structural protein of all epithelia, a class fibrous proteins (scleroproteins), produced by basal cells in the inner most layer of the epidermis representing the principal constituent of the epidermal layer, hair, nails and the organic matrix of tooth enamel.
  In our body, the Keratins (Cytokeratins), as a diverse group of cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins, that are intermediate filament-forming proteins that provide mecnical support to keratinocytes and fulfill a variety of additional functions in epithelial cells and epithelial tissues (epithelium).
  Examples of keratins include:

• beta-Keratins
• keratins type 1 (keratins type I)
• keratins type 2 (keratins type II)
• Hair-Specific Keratins

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“Tannins (Plant Tannins)”  

Tannin

  In organic chemistry, Tannins are a class of naturally occurring polyphenols organic compounds in the phenylpropanoids and polyketides superclass.

Plant Tannins

  In nature, Plant Tannins (Tannins) are phytochemical polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (astringents).
  The naturally occurring polyphenols of the tannins class include:

• hydrolyzable tannins (based on ellagic acid or gallic acid)
• condensed tannins (made of oligomeric or polymeric proanthocyanidins)
• complex tannins (made of a catechin bound to a gallotannin or elagitannin)
• phlorotannins (oligomers of phloroglucinol)

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“Polysaccharides (Glycans)”  

Polysaccharide

  In carbohydrate science, Polysaccharides, as a biomacromolecules, are biopolymeric carbohydrate (saccharide) structures, formed of repeating units (either mono- or di-saccharides) joined together by glycosidic bonds.
  In carbohydrate science, when all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide, but when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are called heteropolysaccharides.
  Examples of some polysaccharides include:

polysaccharide derivatives proteoglycans homopolysaccharides (homoglycans) heteropolysaccharides (heteroglycans) chitosans glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) pectins polysaccharide functions (functional polysaccharides) storage polysaccharide structural polysaccharides Chitin chitosans cellular communication & energy polysaccharides sulfated polysaccharides Carrageenan

Alginates Bacterial Polysaccharides Ficoll Fructans Fungal Polysaccharides Galactans glucans beta-Glucans + Cellulose + Dextrans + Glycogen + Isomaltose Maltose Starch + Trehalose Mannans

Oligosaccharides Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester Plant Gums Plant Mucilage Sepharose xylans

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“Fibroblast Intermediate Filament Proteins (Intermediate Filament Proteins)”  

Intermediate Filament Proteins

  In all our body's cells, Intermediate Filament Proteins, aka Fibroblast Intermediate Filament Proteins, found in the cytoplasm with filaments of 7-11 nm in diameter.
  In our body's cells, Intermediate Filament Proteins, aka Fibroblast Intermediate Filament Proteins form an essential part of the cytoskeleton, providing topological order to cells and tissues, resulting from their intrinsic property of self-organization and their response to extrinsic cues.

In all our body, the biopolymeric Intermediate Filament Protein include the keratins, desmin, neurofilament proteins, and vimentin. **

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“Keratins (Cytokeratins)”  

Keratin

  In our body, the Keratins (Cytokeratins), a major structural protein of all epithelia, a class fibrous proteins (scleroproteins), produced by basal cells in the inner most layer of the epidermis representing the principal constituent of the epidermal layer, hair, nails and the organic matrix of tooth enamel.
  In our body, the Keratins (Cytokeratins), as a diverse group of cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins, that are intermediate filament-forming proteins that provide mecnical support to keratinocytes and fulfill a variety of additional functions in epithelial cells and epithelial tissues (epithelium).
  Examples of keratins include:

• beta-Keratins
• keratins type 1 (keratins type I)
• keratins type 2 (keratins type II)
• Hair-Specific Keratins

**

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“Glial Intermediate Filament Protein (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein)”  

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

  In our body's cells, Glial Intermediate Filament Protein (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) is an intermediate filament protein found exclusively in glial cells or cells of glial origin encoded by the GFAP gene. **

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