“Mitochondria (Mitochondrion)”  

Mitochondrion

  Inside our body's cells, each Mitochondrion (Mitochondria) is an intracellular double membrane-bound subcellular structure where fatty acids and glucose are used in the production of ATP through the oxidative phosphorylation process, acting as powerhouses that provide energy for intracellular metabolism, each cell may have more then one mitochondrion.

In our body's living cells, the Mitochondria are an essential self-replicating membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles that independently function to complete the breakdown of glucose, produce NADH, and generate (by chemiosmosis) most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the cell.

Mitochondria Functions

  In our body's cells, the Mitochondria function within an integrated reticulum that is continually remodeled by both fusion and fission events. Mitochondrial metabolism includes Krebs cycle, beta-oxidation and lipid synthesis. The density of each mitochondrion is different in various tissues dependent upon the demands of oxidative phosphorylation.

Mitochondrial respiration and metabolism may be spatially and temporally regulated by the architecture and positioning of the organelle. Mitochondria are an integral part of multiple cell signaling cascades. Proteins such as GTPases, kinases and phosphatases are involved in bi-directional communication between the mitochondrial reticulum and the rest of the cell. These proteins link mitochondrial function and dynamics to the regulation of metabolism, cell-cycle control, development, antiviral responses and cell death.
  Examples of some distinct mitochondria include:

• Liver Mitochondria
• Muscle Mitochondria
  • Heart Mitochondria
• Ribosomes Mitochondrial
• Submitochondrial Particles

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“Mitochondrial Functions (Mitochondrial Dynamics)”  

Mitochondrial Functions

  In our body's cells, Mitochondrial Dynamics (Mitochondrial Functions) includes the continuous remodeling of each mitochondrion shape by fission and fusion in response to physiological conditions.

Mitochondrion Characteristics

  In our body's cells, the number of mitochondria in each cell varies by the organism and tissue type. Many of our cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain several thousand mitochondria.

In our body's cells, the mitochondrial proteome is dynamically regulated. The mitochondrion has its own independent genome separate from the DNA contained in the cell nucleus.

Inside the Mitochondrion

In our body's cells, the mitochondrial is composed of compartments that carry out specialized cell functions.

These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix.

  Examples of some mitochondrial functions and process may include:

• Mitochondria circadian clock functions
• Mitochondrial Swelling
• Mitochondrial Turnover
• Membrane Fision
• Membrane Fusion

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“Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)”  

Mitochondria DNA

  In our body's cells, the mitochondria contain their own Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), that are translated, expressed, and replicated by nucleus-encoded factors imported into this organelle encoding for 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and 13 mRNAs.

Mitochondria DNA & Replication

  In our body's cells, in the mitochondria increasing the amount of mtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA) accelerates overall cell proliferation and promotes nuclear DNA replication, in a nutrient-dependent manner.
  Coordination between cellular metabolism and DNA replication determines when cells initiate division. **

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