“Coumarins”  

  In organic chemistry, Coumarins are benzopyrone organic compounds in the coumarins and coumarin derivatives class within the phenylpropanoids and polyketides superclass.
  Coumarins are large family of benzopyrone phenolic compounds and as delta-lactones of coumarinic acid, related to coumarin, available from natural and synthetic origins with different pharmacological activities.
  Examples of coumarins include:

furanocoumarins angular furanocoumarins linear furanocoumarins psoralens 4-hydroxycoumarins Acenocoumarol Dicumarol Ethyl Biscoumacetate Phenprocoumon warfarin aminocoumarins Novobiocin

chromonar Coumestrol esculin (aesculin) isocoumarins ochratoxins pyranocoumarins umbelliferones (7-hydroxycoumarins) Coumaphos Hymecromone Scopoletin urolithins urolithin A urolithin B urolithin C

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“Furanocoumarins”  

Furocoumarins (Furanocoumarins)

  In organic chemistry, furanocoumarins are a subclass of polycyclic aromatic benzopyrone organic compounds in the coumarins and coumarin derivatives class within the phenylpropanoids and polyketides superclass, containing a furan ring fused to a coumarin moiety.
  In phytochemistry, Furocoumarins (Furanocoumarins), as naturally occurring allelochemicals consisting of a furan ring fused with coumarin, produced by many plants, derived from the mevalonic acid addition to umbelliferone and subsequent cyclization process, considered the delta-lactone of coumarinic acid, a phenylpropanoid.

Two different furanocoumarins may be described, differing by the position of a furan group grafted on a coumarin core molecule either at position C6-C7 for linear molecules or C7-C8 for the angular one.
Examples of the two furanocoumarin subtypes include:

• linear furanocoumarins (psoralens)
  • psoralens
  • bergapten
  • bergaptol
  • imperatorin
  • nodakenetin
  • xanthotoxin (methoxsalen)
• angular furanocoumarins (angelicins)
  • Angelicin
  • isobergapten
  • sphondin

  Examples of some furanocoumarins include:

• Ficusin
• Khellin
• Methoxsalen
• 5-Methoxypsoralen
• Trioxsalen

The furanocoumarins molecules have been reported to exist predominantly in four plant families:

• Rutaceae family
• Moraceae family
• Fabaceae plant family
• Apiaceae plant family

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“Psoralens”  

  In organic chemistry, Psoralens are organic compounds in the furanocoumarins subclass in the coumarins and coumarin derivatives class within the phenylpropanoids and polyketides superclass, containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one.

Psoralen

  In phytochemistry, Psoralen is a naturally occurring linear furanocoumarin, found in Apiaceae plant family (umbelliferae) and the Rutaceae family (Citrus family, Rue family), as well as in the Psoralea plant genus where it was originally discovered.
  Examples of psoralens include:

• 5-methoxypsoralens
• 8-methoxypsoralens
• 5-hydroxypsoralens
• 8-hydroxypsoralens

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“4-Hydroxycoumarins”  

  In nature, 4-Hydroxycoumarins are substances found in many plants, containing the 4-hydroxycoumarin radical.

In our body, 4-Hydroxycoumarins may interfere with vitamin K and the blood clotting mechanism.
  As a drug, 4-Hydroxycoumarins are coumarin-derivatives possessing a 4-hydroxy group with a carbon at the 3 position of the coumarin-base structure, which are not present in coumarin itself, possessing anticoagulant activity.
  Examples of 4-hydroxycoumarins include:

• Acenocoumarol
• Dicumarol
• Ethyl Biscoumacetate
• Phenprocoumon
• warfarin

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“Esculin (Aesculin)”  

Aesculin (Esculin)

  In phytochemistry, Aesculin (Esculin) is a coumarin glucoside that naturally occurs in the Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) and the Aesculus californica (california horse chestnut) species of the Aesculus genus (Buckeye), and from the Bursaria spinosa plant and Daphne mezereum plant.
  Into our body, Aesculin (Esculin) is a neurotoxic glycoside, which causes hemolysis of red blood cells. **

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“Coumestrol”  

  From nature, the phytochemical Coumestrol, a daidzein derivative and a coumestan, which naturally occurs in some forage crops, with a chemical shape that orients its two hydroxy groups in the same position as the two hydroxy groups in estradiol.
  In our body, the coumestan, Coumestrol has phytoestrogen activity with about the same binding affinity for the ER-β estrogen receptor as 17β-estradiol, but much less affinity for 17α-estradiol, although the estrogenic potency of coumestrol at both receptors is much less than that of 17β-estradiol. **

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“Chromonar”  

  As a drug, Chromonar is a coumarin compound used as a coronary vasodilator agent. **

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“Umbelliferones (7-Hydroxycoumarins)”  

Umbelliferones

  In phytochemistry, Umbelliferones (7-Hydroxycoumarins) are substances present in many plants, especially in the Umbelliferae plant family (Apiaceae).
  Examples of umbelliferones (7-hydroxycoumarins) include:

auraptene Coumaphos

Hymecromone Scopoletin

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