“Phenylalanine and Phenylalanine derivatives”  [Phe or F] 

Phenylalanines

  In organic chemistry,Phenylalanines are organic compounds in the organic acids superclass in the carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives class in the amino acids, peptides, and analogues subclass, containing an alpha amino acid derivative, resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.

Phenylalanine

  In biochemistry, the aromatic amino acid Phenylalanine is classified as nonpolar because of the benzyl side chain's hydrophobic nature, an electrically neutral amino acid, and as one of the twenty common amino acids used to biochemically form proteins, coded for by DNA, with the molecular formula C₉H₁₁NO₂.

In our body, Phenylalanine, an essential amino acid, when in the L-form is required by the thyroid for normal function, thought to control appetite, and act as an anti-depressant by improving moods. May enhance the ability to learn and the retention of memory. Produces neurotransmitters that the brain uses to manufacture norepinephrine (noradrenaline), a natural stimulant that creates a sense of well being.

In our body, Phenylalanine is involved in the production of phenylethylamine, a brain stimulant. Being used by many today as an appetite suppressant in obesity. A precursor to norepinephrine (the brain's version of adrenaline) and dopamine in the brain.
  

Phenylalanine and derivatives

In protein science, Phenylalanine, occurs in the two chemical forms: l-phenylalanine, and its mirror image, d-phenylalanine, or as the dipeptide dl-phenylalanine a combination of the two rotations.

Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of phenylalanine and derivatives include:

dl-phenylalanine l-phenylalanine d-phenylalanine

Fenclonine Melphalan p-Fluorophenylalanine

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“L-Phenylalanine (Phe/F)”  

L-phenylalanine

  In protein science, L-Phenylalanine (Phe/F) is a levorotation form of phenylalanine (Phe/F), an essential aromatic proteinogenic amino acid and a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin (norepinephrine), and thyroxin. **

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“D-Phenylalanine”  

D-phenylalanine

  In protein science, D-Phenylalanine, molecular formula C₉H₁₁NO₂ with a net charge of 0, is a dextrorotation form of the amino acid phenylalanine. **

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“DL-Phenylalanine”  

DL-phenylalanine

  In protein science, DL-Phenylalanine is a dipeptide amino acid of the dextrorotational D-Phenylalanine and the levorotational L-Phenylalanine of the phenylalanine.
  In our body, DL-Phenylalanine, form is an important foundation for all other amino acids, functions very similar to the L-phenylalanine, but has been found effective when used as a pain reliever. Helpful after an allergic reaction, cold or flu to restore sense of well-being. Promotes relief from symptoms that may interfere with normal sleep **

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“L-Tyrosine (Tyr/Y)”  

Tyrosine

  In our body, the amino acid Tyrosine (TYR or Y) is an aromatic a non-essential proteinogenic amino acid, coded codons UAC and UAU, derived from phenylalanine by hydroxylation in the para position.

Tyrosine's Codons

  In our body's brain, Tyrosine (Tyr) functions as precursors (substrate) for the catecholamines [dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine.
  Examples of some tyrosine compounds include the:

• betalains
  • betacyanins
• Dihydroxyphenylalanine
  • Cysteinyldopa
  • Levodopa
  • Methyldopa
• Diiodotyrosine
• Melanins
• Methyltyrosines
  • Methyltyrosines
    • alpha-Methyltyrosine
• Monoiodotyrosine
• Phosphotyrosine

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“Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)”  

Dihydroxyphenylalanine

  In protein science, Dihydroxyphenylalanine is a beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine, with the molecular formula of (C₉H₁₁NO₄).
  Dihydroxyphenylalanine may refer to either of two compounds: the neurotransmitter precursor L-DOPA as (S)-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine a physiologically active substance, and the biologically inactive substance D-DOPA as (R)-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. **

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“3-Hydroxykynurenine (3hKyn)”  

3-Hydroxykynurenine

  In our body's Eyes, 3-Hydroxykynurenine (3hKyn) is a metabolite of tryptophan, which filters UV light in the Lens of the Eye (Eye Lens). **

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