“Chromosomes”  

Human Chromosomes

  In our body's cells, Chromosomes are structures in the intranuclear space of the cells nucleus, consisting of a DNA-protein complex called chromatin with very long strands of DNA (deoxyriboNucleic acid) molecules, organized into subunits called nucleosomes, associated as nucleoproteins, such as histones, and non-histone chromosomal proteins, that contain the essential genetic information (genes).

We have 23 Pairs

  In our body's cells, we have 23 pairs of large linear nuclear Chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes), for a total of 46 chromosomes per cell.

In our body's cells, Chromosomes (Human Chromosomes) normally contain 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus carrying the hereditary information.

In our body, the Chromosomes are duplicated every time a cell divides and pass on the genes from one generation to the next.

In our body's cells, each Chromosome has a Centromere, Short Arm and Long Arm.
  Examples of chromosome topics include:

• non-human chromosomes
  • plant chromosomes

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“Chromosome Deletions”  

Deletion

  In our body's cells, the chromosomal aberration, Chromosome Deletion (a partial monosomy), as a type of deletion mutation (sequence deletion), is the actual loss of portion of a chromosome without an alteration in the total number of chromosomes.
  In our body's cells, as an abnormality, Chromosome Deletions occur more often in the larger chromosomes, with a shortened chromosome arm of only one chromosome. **

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“Nucleosomes”  

  In our body's cells, Nucleosomes are spherical bodies formed by repeating structural coils of chromatin, coiled to form the fibers that make up the chromosomes.

Nucleosome

  In eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged with core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) to form the basic building unit of chromatin nucleosomes each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core, composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. **

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“Karyotypes (Karyograms)”  

Karyotype

  In our body's cells, Karyotype is the chromosomal characteristics of the cell or a representation of the chromosomes aligned in pairs including the number, size, and shape of the chromosomes.

Karyograms

  In karyograms, the pairs of chromosomes that are about the same size and same shape (homologous chromosomes) are grouped together. **

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“Histones”  

Histone

  In our body's cells, Histones, as nucleoproteins, are small highly alkaline chromosomal nuclear proteins in our chromosomes possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages, involved in chromatin compaction, the degree of which is altered through posttranslational modifications at the N termini of all histones.
  In our body, Histones are the chief protein components of chromatin, classified into the various types (designated histone I, histone II,, histone II, etc.) based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

  The five main histone protein families incdude:

H1 histones (H1)

H2A histones (H2A) H2B histones (H2B)

H3 histones (H3) H4 Histones (H4)

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“Autosomes”  

Autosome

  In our body's cells, the Autosomes are the pairs of homologous chromosomes, numbered 1 through 22, other than the sex chromosomes.
  In our body's cells, each member of an Autosome pair (in diploid organisms) is of similar length and in the genes it carries. **

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“Kinetochores”  

Kinetochore

  In our body's cells, the Kinetochores are large multiprotein complexes (structures), that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubulal fibers of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle.
  Examples of kinetochore proteins include:

• constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN)

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“Centromere”  

  In our body's cells, Centromere, a clear constricted portion of the chromosome, is a specialized region on each chromatid to which kinetochores and sister chromatids attach.
  In our body, the Centromere is basic element for chromosome inheritance, with a role in the separation of chromosomes into daughter cells during cell division (mitosis and meiosis).

In our body's cells, the Centromere is the genetic locus located at the primary constriction of mitotic chromosomes that directs chromosome segregation.

Biochemically, the centromere may be defined by the presence of the histone H3 variant centromere histone centromere protein A (CENP-A), interspersed with canonical H3 nucleosomes carrying active chromatin marks.
This specialized chromatin class has been termed centrochromatin. During cell division, an elaborate multisubunit protein superstructure, the kinetochore, assembles on the surface of the centrochromatin to direct chromosome segregation.

Centromere Position

In our body's cells, the Centromere position is the manner that the two arms of each of our human chromosome connect at the centromere, which will be in either a metacentric, submetacentric, or acrocentric manner.
  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of centromeres include:

• centromere protein B
• centromere-associated protein E

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“Chromatids”  

  In our body's cells, Chromatids are the strands of a replicated chromosome, consisting of DNA and protein. Each Chromatid is one of two copies of DNA making up am identical duplicated chromosome, held together at the centromere, for the either process of cell division, mitosis or meiosis.
  In our body's cells, Chromatids are either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when our cell's chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. **

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