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Thiophenes |31350|
Thiophenes Subsets
Carticaine
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“Thiophenes (Thiofurans)”  
Thiophene Structure

Thiophene

  In organic chemistry, Thiophenes are a class of organic compounds in the organoheterocyclic compound superclass, containing an aromatic five-membered moiety made up of one sulfur atom (S) and four carbon atoms.
  The Thiophenes class of heterocyclic organic sulfur compounds that contain a five membered ring made up of one sulfur atom as a heteroatom with the formula C4H4S.
  Examples of thiophene compounds include:
  • Canagliflozin
  • Carticaine
  • Duloxetine Hydrochloride
  • Ketotifen
  • Morantel
  • Pizotyline
  • Prasugrel Hydrochloride
  • Pyrantel
    • Pyrantel Pamoate
    • Pyrantel Tartrate
  • Rivaroxaban
  • Thenoyltrifluoroacetone
  • thienopyridines
    • Ticlopidine
      • Clopidogrel
  • Thioctic Acid
  • Ticrynafen
  • Tiletamine
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[45160]
“Lipoic Acid (Thioctic Acid or Thiotic Acid)”  
Aminos

Lipoic acid

  In our body, Lipoic Acid (Thiotic Acid or Thioctic Acid) also known as vitamin N, is a Sulfur based, fat soluble antioxidant coenzyme, that as a thiophene has a chemical structure similar to biotin, produced in our body, that plays an important role in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fatty acids and protein.
  In organic chemistry, as a carboxylic acid, Thioctic Acid (alpha-Lipoic Acid), C8H14O2S2, is an octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs (a pentanoic acid), that may be biosynthesized by cleavage of linoleic acid and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase.

In our body's cell's, Lipoic acid is an essential enzyme cofactor that requires covalent attachment to its cognate proteins to confer biological activity.
The major lipoylated proteins are highly conserved enzymes of central metabolism, the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes.
  Examples of lipoic acid related compounds include:
  • (R)-lipoic acid
  • (S)-lipoic acid
  • lipoyl-AMP
  • lipoamides
  • lipoate
  • lipoyl group
**
[60097]
“Thienopyridines”  
  In organic chemistry, Thienopyridines are a class of organic compounds in the heterocyclic compound superclass (2-ring heterocyclic compounds), containing a sulfur atom (S) and four carbon atoms">thiophene ring fused to a pyridine ring.
  Examples of thienopyridines include:
  • Ticlopidine
    • Clopidogrel
**
[36330]
References & Citations:
1. Ceulemans H. et al "Regulator-driven functional diversification of protein phosphatase-1 in eukaryotic evolution"   Bioessays. 2002 Apr;24(4):371-81  
2. Jordan SW. et al "A new metabolic link. The acyl carrier protein of lipid synthesis donates lipoic acid to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Escherichia coli and mitochondria"   J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul 18;272(29):17903-6  
3. Singh U. et al "Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and diabetes"   Nutr Rev. 2008 Nov;66(11):646-57  
4. Du X. et al "Oral benfotiamine plus alpha-lipoic acid normalises complication-causing pathways in type 1 diabetes"   Diabetologia. 2008 Oct;51(10):1930-2  
5. Flora SJ. "Structural, chemical and biological aspects of antioxidants for strategies against metal and metalloid exposure"   Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2009 Sep-Oct;2(4):191-206  
6. Li. et al "Protective Efficacy of Alpha-lipoic Acid against AflatoxinB1-induced Oxidative Damage in the Liver"   Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2014 Jun;27(6):907-15  
 
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