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Cytokines |70432|
Cytokines Subsets
IL-6 family
TNF Receptor Ligands
Chemokines
Interleukins
Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
Lymphokines
Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
Monokines
Autocrine Motility Factor
Myokines
Osteopontin
See Also ↔
 
 
“Cytokines”  

Cytokine

  In our body, Cytokines are a group of small intercellular signaling proteins, secreted by specific cells in the immune system, that carry signals locally between cells, acting as inter-cellular mediators thus have an effect on other cells.
  In our body, Cytokines are produced by a number of tissue or cell types, which normally trigger inflammation and promote healing after trauma, infection, or other conditions.
  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of cytokines include:
  • chemokines
    • beta-Thromboglobulin
    • Chemokines, C
    • Chemokines, CC
      • Chemokine CCL1
      • Chemokine
      • Chemokine CCL4
      • Chemokine CCL5
      • Chemokine CCL11
      • Chemokine CCL17
      • Chemokine CCL19
      • Chemokine CCL20
      • Chemokine CCL21
      • Chemokine CCL22
      • Chemokine CCL24
      • Chemokine CCL27
      • Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins
        • Chemokine CCL2
        • Chemokine CCL7
        • Chemokine CCL8
    • Chemokines, CXC
      • Chemokine CXCL1
      • Chemokine CXCL2
      • Chemokine CXCL5
      • Chemokine CXCL6
      • Chemokine CXCL9
      • Chemokine CXCL10
      • Chemokine CXCL11
      • Chemokine CXCL12
      • Chemokine CXCL13
      • Interleukin-8
      • Platelet Factor 4
    • Chemokines, CX3C
      • Chemokine CX3CL1
    • Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins
      • Chemokine CCL3
      • Chemokine CCL4
      • Chemokine CCL19
      • Chemokine CCL20
      • Chemokine CXCL2

*
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“Chemokines (Chemotactic Cytokines)”  

Chemokine Ligands (Chemokines)

  In our body, Chemokine Ligands (CCL Gene Family), aka Chemokines are a receptor ligand group of cytokines, consisting of small proteins (usually ~70-80 amino acid residues), that attract & activate leukocytes and may act as inflammation modulators (inflammation mediators).

Chemokine Ligands

  Examples of some chemokines include:
  • beta-thromboglobulin (beta-2 thromboglobulin)
  • Chemokines, C CC chemokine group
    • Chemokine CCL1
    • Chemokine CCL3
    • Chemokine CCL4
    • Chemokine CCL5
    • Chemokine CCL11
    • Chemokine CCL17
    • Chemokine CCL19
    • Chemokine CCL20
    • Chemokine CCL21
    • Chemokine CCL22
    • Chemokine CCL24
    • Chemokine CCL27
    • Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins
      • Chemokine CCL2
      • Chemokine CCL7
      • Chemokine CCL8
  • CXC chemokines
    • Chemokine CXCL1
    • Chemokine CXCL2
    • Chemokine CXCL5
    • Chemokine CXCL6
    • Chemokine CXCL9
    • Chemokine CXCL10
    • Chemokine CXCL11
    • Chemokine CXCL12
    • Chemokine CXCL13
    • Interleukin-8
    • Platelet Factor 4
  • Chemokines, CX3C
    • Chemokine CX3CL1
  • macrophage inflammatory proteins
    • Chemokine CXCL2
    • Chemokine CCL3
    • Chemokine CCL4
    • Chemokine CCL18
    • Chemokine CCL19
    • Chemokine CCL20


Chemokine Ligands Gene Family (CCL Gene Family)

  The chemokine ligands gene group (CCL gene group) contains the following genes:
  • CCL1 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 1
  • CCL2 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
  • CCL3 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 3
  • CCL3L1 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 like 1
  • CCL3L3 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 like 3
  • CCL4 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 4
  • CCL4L1 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 like 1
  • CCL4L2 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 like 2
  • CCL5 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 5
  • CCL7 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 7
  • CCL8 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 8
  • CCL11 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 11
  • CCL13 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 13
  • CCL14 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 14
  • CCL15 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 15
  • CCL16 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 16
  • CCL17 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 17
  • CCL18 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 18
  • CCL19 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 19
  • CCL20 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 20
  • CCL21 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 21
  • CCL22 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 22
  • CCL23 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 23
  • CCL24 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 24
  • CCL25 gene (SCYA25 gene) encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 25
  • CCL26 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 26
  • CCL27 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 27
  • CCL28 gene encoding the C-C motif chemokine ligand 28
  • CXCL1 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1
  • CXCL2 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2
  • CXCL3 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3
  • CXCL5 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5
  • CXCL6 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6
  • CXCL8 gene (IL8 gene), aka C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (interleukin 8)
  • CXCL9 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9
  • CXCL10 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10
  • CXCL11 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11
  • CXCL12 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12
  • CXCL13 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13
  • CXCL14 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14
  • CXCL16 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16
  • CXCL17 gene encoding the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 17
  • CX3CL1 gene encoding the C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1
  • XCL1 gene encoding the X-C motif chemokine ligand 1
  • XCL2 gene encoding the X-C motif chemokine ligand 2
**
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“Lymphokines (Lymphocyte Mediators)”  

Lymphokine

  In our body, as a subset of cytokines Lymphokines (Lymphocyte Mediators) are soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes (an immune cell), typically produced by T cells to direct an immune system response by signaling between its cells.
  In our body, the cytokine Lymphokines include; the gamma-interferons.
  Examples of lymphokines include: **
[71480]
“Macrophage-Activating Factors”  
  In our body, as a lymphokine, Macrophage-Activating Factors are lymphokine factors secreted by stimulated lymphocytes that modulate the expression of macrophage cell surface Ia antigens and prime macrophages to become nonspecifically cytotoxic to tumors.
  In our body, one Macrophage-Activating Factor is gamma-interferon. **
[71516]
“Interleukins (IL)”  

Interleukins

  In our body's cells, Interleukins, as non-antibody cytokine proteins, are soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of lymphocytes, leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cell types.


  In our body's cells, the Interleukin cytokine protein family include; interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2 (thymocyte stimulating factor), IL-3 (multilineage cell growth factor).

In our body's cells, Interleukins enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.
  Examples of members in the Interleukin family include:

  • Interleukin-1
    • Interleukin-1alpha
    • Interleukin-1beta
  • Interleukin-2
  • Interleukin-3
  • Interleukin-4
  • Interleukin-5
  • Interleukin-6
  • Interleukin-7
  • Interleukin-8
  • Interleukin-9
  • Interleukin-10
  • Interleukin-11
  • Interleukin-12
    • Interleukin-12 Subunit p35
    • Interleukin-12 Subunit p40
  • Interleukin-13
  • Interleukin-15
  • Interleukin-16
  • Interleukin-17
  • Interleukin-18
  • Interleukin-23
    • Interleukin-12 Subunit p40
    • Interleukin-23 Subunit p19
  • Interleukin-27
**
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“Tumor Necrosis Factors (Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands)”  

Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNF Receptor Ligands)

  In our body, Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNF Receptor Ligands) are a suoerfamily of cytokine proteins, characterized by the necrotic effect on cells, mediated through tumor necrosis factor receptors which induces apoptosis.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily (TNFSF)

  The Tumor Necrosis Factor Genes (ligand) superfamily (TNFSF) includes:
  The tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF gene family) contains the following genes:
  • EDAR gene (ectodysplasin A receptor gene)
  • TNFRSF1A gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 1A gene)
  • TNFRSF1B gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 1B gene)
  • LTBR gene (lymphotoxin beta receptor gene)
  • TNFRSF4 gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 4 gene)
  • CD40 gene (CD40 molecule gene)
  • FAS gene (Fas cell surface death receptor gene)
  • TNFRSF6B gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 6b gene)
  • CD70 gene encoding the CD70 antigen (CD70 molecule)
  • TNFRSF8 gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 8 gene)
  • TNFRSF9 gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 9 gene)
  • TNFRSF10A gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 10a gene)
  • TNFRSF10B gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 10b gene)
  • TNFRSF10C gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 10c gene)
  • TNFRSF10D gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 10d gene)
  • TNF receptor superfamily member 11
    • TNFRSF11A gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 11a gene)
    • TNFRSF11B gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 11b gene)
  • TNFRSF12A gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 12A gene)
  • TNFRSF13B gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 13B gene)
  • TNFRSF13C gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 13C gene)
  • TNFRSF14 gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 14 gene)
  • NGFR gene (nerve growth factor receptor gene)
  • TNFRSF17 gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 17 gene)
  • TNFRSF18 gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 18 gene)
  • TNFRSF19 gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 19 gene)
  • RELT gene (RELT, TNF receptor gene)
  • TNFRSF21 gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 21 gene)
  • TNFRSF25 gene (TNF receptor superfamily member 25 gene)
  • EDA2R gene (ectodysplasin A2 receptor gene)
**
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“Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein”  
  Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein is a ligand that binds to but fails to activate the interleukin 1 receptor, that plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of inflammation and fever..
  Several isoforms of the Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its mRNA. **
[71534]
“Monokines”  
  In our body, Monokines, produced mostly by monocytes and macrophages, that act as soluble mediators of the immune response which are neither antibodies nor complement. **
[71538]
“Interferons”  

Interferon

  In our body, Interferon is a family of small intercellular signaling proteins, as cytokines, are released by cells in response to a wide variety of inducers including viral infections, that activate the synthesis and secretion of antiviral proteins.

In our body, Interferon is manufactured by an infected cell and helps inhibit viruses from entering other healthy cells. Once a cell has been infected by some virus, the cell releases interferon, which binds to the membranes of other immune cells, such as phagocites, as the interferon binds to these cells, viruses are incapable of dividing within these cells.
  In our body, in addition to the Interferon's anti-viral effect, interferon can activate macrophages, natural killers, and decrease cell division.
In our body, the three kinds of Interferon each has a similar effect on immune cells.

alpha [a] Interferon is produced by White Blood Cells (WBCs) (aka Leukocytes), beta Interferon which is produced by Fibroblasts, and, Gamma Interferon is fabricated by lymphocytes.
  

**
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“Osteopontins”  

Osteopontin

  In protein science, Osteopontin is a negatively-charged extracellular matrix protein, that plays a role in our body, in the regulation of bone metabolism and a variety of other biological functions. The cell signaling by osteopontin may occur through a cell adhesion sequence which recognizes integrin alpha-V beta-3. **
[71730]
References & Citations:
1. Marsters SA. et al "A novel receptor for Apo2L/TRAIL contains a truncated death domain"   Curr Biol. 1997 Dec 1;7(12):1003-6  
2. Stone MJ. et al "Mechanisms of Regulation of the Chemokine-Receptor Network"   Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Feb 7;18(2). pii: E342  
3. Kohri K. et al "Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding urinary stone protein, which is identical to osteopontin"   Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992 Apr 30;184(2):859-64  
 
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