“Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Intercellular Signaling Proteins”  

Intercellular Signaling Proteins and Peptides

  In our body's cells, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Intercellular Signaling Proteins, as regulatory proteins and peptides, are the signaling molecules involved in the cellular communications process of paracrine communications (paracrine signaling).
  In our body's cells, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Intercellular Signaling Proteins are factors expressed by one cell and that are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell.

These intercellular signaling molecules distinguished from hormones because their actions are local rather than distal.
  Examples of intercellular signaling peptides and proteins include:

• adipokines
• agouti-related protein
• agouti signaling protein
• cytokines
• endothelins
• kinins
  • kininogens
  • bradykinin
  • tachykinins
    • eledoisin
    • kassinin
    • neurokinin A
    • neurokinin B
    • physalaemin
    • substance P
  • urotensins
• platelet-derived growth factor
• semaphorins
• somatomedins
  • somatomedin A, aka insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) encoded by IGF2 gene
  • somatomedin B derived from vitronectin encoded by VTN gene
  • somatomedin C, aka insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) encoded by IGF1 gene
• transforming growth factors

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“Angiogenic Proteins (Angiogenic Peptides)”  

Angiogenic Proteins

  In our body, Angiogenic Proteins (Angiogenic Peptides) are intercellular signaling peptides and proteins that regulate the proliferation of new blood vessels under normal physiological conditions.
  Examples of include:

• angiopoietins
  • angiopoietin-1
  • angiopoietin-2
• angiostatic proteins
  • angiostatins
  • endostatins
• vascular endothelial growth factors
  • vascular endothelial growth factor A
  • vascular endothelial growth factor B
  • vascular endothelial growth factor C
  • vascular endothelial growth factor D
  • endocrine-gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor

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“Fibroblast Growth Factors (DNA Synthesis Factors)”  

Fibroblast Growth Factors

  In our body's cells, Fibroblast Growth Factors (DNA Synthesis Factors), aka Fibroblast Growth Regulatory Factors, is a family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for heparin, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. **

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“Cytokines”  

Cytokine

  In our body, Cytokines are a group of small intercellular signaling proteins, secreted by specific cells in the immune system, that carry signals locally between cells, acting as inter-cellular mediators thus have an effect on other cells.
  In our body, Cytokines are produced by a number of tissue or cell types, which normally trigger inflammation and promote healing after trauma, infection, or other conditions.
  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of cytokines include:

chemokines beta-Thromboglobulin Chemokines, C Chemokines, CC Chemokine CCL1 Chemokine Chemokine CCL4 Chemokine CCL5 Chemokine CCL11 Chemokine CCL17 Chemokine CCL19 Chemokine CCL20 Chemokine CCL21 Chemokine CCL22 Chemokine CCL24 Chemokine CCL27 Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins Chemokine CCL2 Chemokine CCL7 Chemokine CCL8 Chemokines, CXC Chemokine CXCL1 Chemokine CXCL2 Chemokine CXCL5 Chemokine CXCL6 Chemokine CXCL9 Chemokine CXCL10 Chemokine CXCL11 Chemokine CXCL12 Chemokine CXCL13 Interleukin-8 Platelet Factor 4 Chemokines, CX3C Chemokine CX3CL1 Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins Chemokine CCL3 Chemokine CCL4 Chemokine CCL19 Chemokine CCL20 Chemokine CXCL2

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors Hepatocyte Growth Factor Interferons interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein interleukins Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Lymphokines myokines Interleukin-1 & Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Oncostatin M osteopontin transforming growth factor beta superfamily proteins Tumor Necrosis Factors

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“Nerve Growth Factors (Neurotrophic Factors)”  

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)

  In the body, the nerve tissue protein, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) belongs to family of factors known as neurotrophins, is a small secreted amino acid complex important for the growth (a growth factor), maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons (nerve cells), such as the found in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
  In the body, a Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) functions as a signaling molecule, and play a role as a sympathetic and sensory nerve growth factor, with additional activities both within and outside the nervous system.
  Examples of some nerve growth factors include:

• nerve growth factor (NGF)
• brain-derived neurotrophic factor
• ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)
• Glia Maturation Factor
• Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factors
  • Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
  • Neurturin
• Nerve Growth Factor
• Neuregulins
  • Neuregulin-1
• Neurotrophin 3
• pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

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“Transforming Growth Factor beta Superfamily Proteins (TGF-beta Superfamily Proteins)”  

TGF-beta Superfamily Proteins

  In our body, Transforming Growth Factor beta Superfamily Proteins (TGF-beta Superfamily Proteins) is a large growth factor family of cell regulatory intercellular signaling proteins such as cytokines, structurally related to transforming growth factor beta, subdivided into at least three related protein families: bone morphogenetic proteins, growth differentiation factors and transforming growth factors.
  In our body's cells, the Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) Superfamily a play fundamental role in the regulation of basic biological processes such as growth, development, tissue homeostasis and regulation of the immune system.

TGF-beta1

  In our body's cells, the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta protein superfamily) is a large family of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that has four major subfamilies including:

• bone morphogenetic proteins +
• growth differentiation factors +
• nodal signaling ligand family +
• Transforming Growth Factor beta (transforming growth factor-beta protein)
  • Transforming Growth Factor beta1
  • Transforming Growth Factor beta2
  • Transforming Growth Factor beta3
• inhibins

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“Interferons”  

Interferon

  In our body, Interferon is a family of small intercellular signaling proteins, as cytokines, are released by cells in response to a wide variety of inducers including viral infections, that activate the synthesis and secretion of antiviral proteins.

In our body, Interferon is manufactured by an infected cell and helps inhibit viruses from entering other healthy cells. Once a cell has been infected by some virus, the cell releases interferon, which binds to the membranes of other immune cells, such as phagocites, as the interferon binds to these cells, viruses are incapable of dividing within these cells.
  In our body, in addition to the Interferon's anti-viral effect, interferon can activate macrophages, natural killers, and decrease cell division.
In our body, the three kinds of Interferon each has a similar effect on immune cells.

alpha [a] Interferon is produced by White Blood Cells (WBCs) (aka Leukocytes), beta Interferon which is produced by Fibroblasts, and, Gamma Interferon is fabricated by lymphocytes.
  

• interferon type I
  • alpha Interferon
  • beta Interferon
• interferon type II (gamma-interferons)

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