“Chromosome Structures”  

  In our body's cells, in the intranuclear space, Chromosome Structures are the structural components contained in or part of chromosomes.
  In our body, Chromosome Structures include centromere, chromatids, chromatin, nucleolus organizer region, synaptonemal complex, telomeres and others.
  Examples of chromosome structures include:

Centromere Chromatids Chromatin

Nucleolus Organizer Region synaptonemal complex telomeres

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“Chromatins”  

Chromatin

  In our body's cells, Chromatin, as nucleoprotein material of chromosomes in the nucleus, is a DNA-protein complex consisting of DNA and proteins. Chromatin are complexes between our DNA and proteins, which typically contains about twice as much protein as a DNA.
  In our body's cells, the major proteins of Chromatin are the small histone proteins containing a high proportion of basic amino acids (arginine and lysine) that facilitate binding to the negatively charged DNA molecule.

Chromatin structure is important for regulating gene expression and for the proper condensation and segregation of chromosomes during cell division.

In our body's cells, Chromatin is a complex of DNA (deoxyriboNucleic acid) and protein, dispersed throughout the nucleus during that interphase condenses into chromosomes during Meiosis and Mitosis.
  The basic unit of chromatin is the:

• nucleosome (a histone octamer core wrapped twice by DNA)

Two types of chromatins exist:

• euchromatin (a loosely coiled chromatin)
• heterochromatin (a tightly coiled chromatin)

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“Telomeres”  

Telomere

  In our body's cells, the essential genetic element Telomere, consisting of thousands of non-coding single G-rich DNA repeated TTAGGG hexanucleotide sequences, is the terminal section of each chromosome, which has a specialized structure, involved in the chromosomal replication and stability processes, bound to an array of associated proteins, and that play an essential role in chromosome capping.
  In our body's cells, Telomeres as DNA endcaps on chromosomes protect the ends from damage, and telomeric shortening, and is thought to govern the number of times a cell can divide.
The gradual shortening of telomeres through cell divisions leads to Aging at the cellular level when the telomeres reach a limit called Hayflick limit, the cell can no longer divide and becomes senescent or it dies.
  Senescence process is complex and derived from different mechanisms. Telomere shortening is a major intrinsic reason. when the telomeres reach a limit called Hayflick limit, the cell can no longer divide and becomes senescent or it dies **

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“Centromere”  

  In our body's cells, Centromere, a clear constricted portion of the chromosome, is a specialized region on each chromatid to which kinetochores and sister chromatids attach.
  In our body, the Centromere is basic element for chromosome inheritance, with a role in the separation of chromosomes into daughter cells during cell division (mitosis and meiosis).

In our body's cells, the Centromere is the genetic locus located at the primary constriction of mitotic chromosomes that directs chromosome segregation.

Biochemically, the centromere may be defined by the presence of the histone H3 variant centromere histone centromere protein A (CENP-A), interspersed with canonical H3 nucleosomes carrying active chromatin marks.
This specialized chromatin class has been termed centrochromatin. During cell division, an elaborate multisubunit protein superstructure, the kinetochore, assembles on the surface of the centrochromatin to direct chromosome segregation.

Centromere Position

In our body's cells, the Centromere position is the manner that the two arms of each of our human chromosome connect at the centromere, which will be in either a metacentric, submetacentric, or acrocentric manner.
  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of centromeres include:

• centromere protein B
• centromere-associated protein E

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“Kinetochores”  

Kinetochore

  In our body's cells, the Kinetochores are large multiprotein complexes (structures), that bind the centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubulal fibers of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the cell cycle.
  Examples of kinetochore proteins include:

• constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN)

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“Ring Chromosomes”  

  Ring Chromosomes are aberrant chromosomes with a chromosome structures that has no ends. **

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